Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an experimental and control group (n=30 each). The experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

بسیاری از واژه های رایج در زبان فارسی امروز در طول تاریخ دستخوش تحولاتی بوده است. برخی از این تحولات مربوط به فارسی میانه است و برخی دیگر – تا آنجا که نویسنده اطلاع دارد – در فارسی دری روی داده است و اثری از کاربرد آن در فارسی میانه دیده نمی شود. از جمله این تحولات، دگرگونیهایی است که در پسوند «_َنده» روی داده است. حذف g پایانی آن در دوره رشد و تکوین زبان فارسی از جمله این تبدیلات است ؛ ضمن آنکه تحولاتی نیز در گروه nd موجود در این پسوند روی داده است. این تحولات، خاص این واژه نیست، بلکه واژه های دیگری را با هویت دستوری متفاوت – همان گونه که در بخشهای مختلف مقاله حاضر می بینیم – شامل می شود. این مقاله به تحولات پسوند «_َنده» در فارسی دوره رشد و تکوین می پردازد.

Purpose: The present research aimed at finding an answer to the question of the process of influence of cyberspace on Iranian Poetry in the future, and the influence of cyberspace on various aspects of poetry such as content, its audience, the poet, the media that published the poem, the process of composing the poem, the rights of the author, and Globalization of the Iranian poetry. Method: The Delphi technique was used to carry out this research. A group of experts comprising professors in the fields of Communication and Literature was selected. The expert’s opinions were collected and analyzed through an in-depth interview, a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, and by the execution of three stages of Delphi rounds. Findings: Accordingly, considering the content, the experts predicted that due to the impact of cyberspace, the quality of the poetry will be reduced and consequently, the language of poetry will become simpler and close to prose and it will only reflect the daily events of life. Regarding the audience, they concluded that the audience’s selection power will be increased, however, we can differentiate between the public and professional audience. With respect to the sender, there will be no phenomenon of multi authors, and regarding the channel, the experts agreed upon Media Convergence besides, the poets’ agency in publishing their own poems will be increased. Conclusion: Experts believe that the spread of communication technologies will make censorship ineffective. This is the only case in which the group believes in the impact of technology on the future of poetry. The group of experts did not reach a consensus regarding the impact of technology on the phenomena such as publication of author’s poems as one’s original work and the Globalization of Iranian poetry, thus, analyzed these items in the framework of the human agency.

Purpose: Something that happens in the future of a scientific field depends on today's view of young people about the future. The perception of young people from the future and their conception of the future is very important. The purpose of this study was to imaging the future of sports science from the perspective of educated youth. Method: The method of the present research is qualitative and exploratory research and in terms of purpose is applied research. The statistical population of the study included educated youth who are familiar with sports science and the snowball sampling method was used for interviews and theoretical saturation were obtained with 23 interviews. To analyze the data, the content analysis method has been used to obtain the information of this research. Findings: The results show the future of sports science among educated youth consists of seven main concepts that include: hope for a green education system, excessive interest in working in the sports industry, basic reengineering, relative disappointment from the ability of authorities, social position through academic education, desire for empowerment and lack of skills, injustice, and utilitarianism. Conclusion: Finally, by observing the mental images of the youth, it can be stated that sports science will move towards the dystopia if the current situation continues, and it can move towards the utopia with fundamental changes. In this direction, the stakeholders of sports sciences need to be together and disagreements need to be managed as well as arbitrariness of sports science professionals should be reduced.

1برنامه درسی به عنوان ستون فقرات نظام آموزشی، یکی از عوامل مهم در راستای ایجاد تحولات بنیادین در نظام آموزش عالی به شمار می رود؛ هدف این پژوهش تبیین مدل اثربخشی آموزش کارآفرینی از دیدگاه اسلامی و آرای مقام معظم رهبری است تا بتوان با آن برنامه درسی آموزش معماری را، از نظر تحقق مولفه های کارآفرینی در دانشجویان بررسی کرد. روش پژوهش حاضر آمیخته اکتشافی است که در قسمت کیفی با بررسی آرای مقام معظم رهبری در مقالات، کتب و سخنرانی های ایشان، گزاره های توصیفی از اندیشه ایشان در خصوص اثربخشی آموزش کارآفرینی، با روش دلالت پژوهی استخراج شد. در بخش کمی داده ها با استفاده از روش معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS20 و  smart PLS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها نشان داد که الگوی کارآفرینی از دیگاه مقام معظم رهبری، در چهار رکن اصلی: بینش، دانش، مهارت و کسب و کار قابل تقسیم بندی است. و هر یک از این رکن های اصلی با الگوی اثربخشی آموزش کارآفرینی در برنامه درسی معماری همپوشانی دارد. بدین ترتیب مراکز آموزش عالی معماری می توانند در کنار ایجاد برنامه های درسی کارآفرینی در رشته معماری، با شناسایی پتانسیل های موجود در برنامه های درسی این رشته، به تقویت نقاط قوت و رفع نقاط ضعف موجود در آن ها بپردازند. این الگو ضمن فراهم کردن شرایط تحقق آموزش کارآفرینی در رشته های دانشگاهی، زمینه اجرای یک الگوی بومی را در پرتو دستورات اسلامی فراهم می آورد.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

1این پژوهش با هدف تعیین اثر بخشی آموزش بسته آموزشی خودشناسی مبتنی بر رویکرد اگزیستانسیالیسم بر باورهای غیر منطقی ارتباطی روی افراد انجام و اجرا شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه افراد متاهل مراجع کننده به مراکز مشاوره و روانشناسی مناطق 1 و3 شهر تهران با مشکل اختلافات زناشویی بود. در پژوهش حاضر از روش تحقیق تجربی از نوع شبه آزمایشی از نوع طرح پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گروه کنترل استفاده شد. در نمونه پژوهشی 16 نفر بصورت داوطلبانه که سطح بالایی در باورهای غیرمنطقی براساس پاسخ به پرسشنامه داوطلبانه مراکز مشاوره داشتند، انتخاب شدند و در گروه آزمایش و کنترل هر گروه 8 نفر بصورت تصادفی جایگزین شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه باورهای غیرمنطقی ارتباطی آدیلسون و اپشتاین بود که با طرح پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گروه کنترل و انجام 12 جلسه آموزشی گردآوری اطلاعات انجام شد. از روش تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیره یا مانوا برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس در متن مانکوا نشان داد که در فرضیه اصلی تحلیل کوواریانس در متغیر باورهای غیرمنطقی زوج ها (sig=0.02, F=6.059) معنادار است. نتایج فرضیه ها فرعی نیز نشان داد که تحلیل کوواریانس در متغیر تخریب کنندگی، باور به تغییر پذیری همسر، باور ذهن خوانی، باور کمال گرایی جنسی و تفاوت های جنسی زوج ها معنادار است. یعنی آموزش خودشناسی مبتنی بر رویکرد اگزیستانسیالیسم بر باورهای غیرمنطقی متاهلین اثربخش است.

The Rohingya people are the native inhabitants of Arakan (Rakhine) land in Myanmar, who have faced a series of crimes by the Myanmar army and government. Based on the norms and regulations of international and customary international law and the principles of international criminal law and considering the incidents that occurred against the religious minority group of Rohingya Muslims, the continuous violation of human rights and the occurrence of the crime of genocide by the Myanmar government are a matter of fact. There are numerous examples of deliberate actions, which prove the governmental steps to eliminate the Rohingya group, and deliberate measures, which cause the international responsibility of the Myanmar government. Iran has raised three specific positions regarding the Rohingya Muslim crisis.The major question of the research is to evaluate the occurrence or non-occurrence of violations of international criminal law, the crimes of genocide, and crimes against humanity by the Myanmar army and government against the Muslim minority in Rakhine state.The hypothesis emphasizes the definite occurrence of violations of humanitarian law and international criminal law, especially committing crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity. The purpose of the research is to examine one of the important cases of violation of Muslim rights in today's world, which has not been noticed by international legal societies. It tries to discuss briefly the Iranian positions on the Issue. The analytical-descriptive research method is based on official docs and undeniable facts, especially the documents issued by the International Criminal Court.